Modification of gelatin and photocured <scp>3D</scp>‐printed resin to prepare biomimetic phantoms for ultrasound‐guided minimally invasive surgeries

Abstract The main challenge of ultrasound‐guided minimally invasive surgeries is to carry out treatments through small boreholes in the patient's body surface with sub‐millimetric accuracy and facility offered by ultrasound instruments. Thus, phantoms' biomimetic appearances, acoustic characteristics, mechanical properties are essential for healthcare professionals. In this study, gelatin 3D‐printed photo‐resin phantoms were developed hard soft tissues, respectively. Using glutaraldehyde (GA) formaldehyde (FA) crosslink phantoms, strength, velocity, impedance, needle insertion forces, antiseptic periods improved, addition silica nanoparticles raised impedance. For impedance ascended hydrophilic polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) oligomers. additives applied study successfully made more mimetic muscle bone allowing their application preoperative preparations.